Ancient Greece and Rome Wk. 3

Classical Greek civilization profoundly impacted Western Culture, including the development of democracy and significant contributions to philosophy, science, and the arts. Greece's mountainous geography and proximity to the sea led to the rise of independent city-states and architectural advancements. During the Golden Age (480-400 B.C.), Greek architecture flourished with iconic structures like the Parthenon and the development of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian architectural orders. Interiors were adorned with mosaics, painted floors, and decorative ceilings, while furniture was crafted from leather and wood, focusing on elegance and functionality. Greek textiles were known for their emphasis on visual perfection, using materials such as wool and silk. The influence of Greek design, particularly in architecture and motifs like the Greek key, remains evident in modern applications today.

The Second Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, PA

Classical Roman civilization dominated the Western world, influencing art, commerce, and architecture. Inspired by Greek culture, the Romans adopted elements like post-and-lintel construction and decorative columns, but they innovated further with the arch, barrel vault, and dome. The discovery of concrete allowed them to build iconic structures like the Pantheon and the Colosseum, known for their massive domes and ability to host large crowds. Roman architecture reflected their societal values, with buildings dedicated to religion, commerce, law, and entertainment. Famous structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Roman baths displayed their engineering expertise. Residential architecture ranged from multi-story insulae for the lower class to luxurious domus and villas for the wealthy, featuring atriums, courtyards, and highly decorative interiors. Roman interior design showcased elaborate mosaics, frescoes, and vivid colors. Furniture made from wood, metal, and stone emphasized function and status. Important pieces like the cathedra (throne) symbolized authority. Roman textiles, pottery, and lighting designs were also intricate, with wool, silk, and linen being common materials. Their artistic motifs and mosaic techniques continue to influence modern design.

The White House, Washington D.C.

One of the most famous architects of Ancient Greece was Ictinus, who is best known for designing the Parthenon in Athens, the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae, and his work at the Temple of Demeter at Eleusis. He is believed to have collaborated with another architect named Callicrates on the Parthenon, though some sources suggest rivalry. His designs incorporated various architectural orders, and the Temple of Apollo at Bassae is notable for blending Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian styles.

A famous architect from Ancient Rome was Apollodorus of Damascus, who was actually Greek but is known for his work under the Roman Emperor Trajan. He designed significant projects, including Trajan's Forum, Column, Baths, and Market, as well as the Ulpian Basilica in Rome and a bridge over the Danube River. Apollodorus also wrote technical treatises, though none have survived. His relationship with Trajan's successor, Hadrian, deteriorated, leading to his banishment and eventual execution around 130 A.D.